Language and Culture in an Immigrant Society :: Cultural Identity Essays

The teacher of my etymology human sciences course this year, ventured up to the platform on the principal day of class, and amazed all of us with his emotions in regards to language. He started by disclosing to us that he has some expertise in human wretchedness, maybe hinting language is a wellspring of hopelessness. Dr. Melody is a Korean settler and the hints of his own language rebuffs him. Experiencing childhood in current society America has caused him to recoil at the sound of his local tongue. It is this equivalent local language of Korean that my teacher falls once more into when he is made apprehensive by an English talking individual inclining in nearer to him and squinting up his face expecting not to comprehend what will come out of his mouth before he even opens it. It seems as though the disappointment and restlessness he has stood up to in individuals has encouraged a disdain for the piece of him that is remote.   Michael Agar, a main scholar on present day etymology, has proposed an explanation behind this relapse. In taking a gander at the subtle thought of culture we see that the substance is ever evolving. It is a ceaseless procedure one that Agar says isn't something those individuals make them something; that transpires. My teacher utilized a case of two sorts of drivers to exhibit the various responses to the intricacies that emerge with culture. These two drivers will be known as the first and second driver. The principal driver encapsulates the main sort and the second, the great driver. He utilizes the circumstance of traffic blockage to place these sorts into viewpoint. Envision a driver during traffic blockage. The main kind will say to himself, The framework is causing this bother, since it is consistently similar to this. To a main sort, it is this permanent truth that is the reason for any snags. This reality can be applied to nearly anything in a general public where we are enc ircled by reproducible pictures and encounters, which awards consent to utilize generalizations. The issue (the traffic clog) is brought about by a thing out there and is typified.   In any case, there is a subsequent driver, the great driver. This driver doesn't typify the circumstance and utilize the acknowledged truth.

Portfolio of Work Completed in Harbin Bank Term Paper

Arrangement of Work Completed in Harbin Bank - Term Paper Example Furthermore, the banker’s magazine of china positions Harbin bank at position 9 among the organizations that exchange with resources of in excess of 80 billion Yuan in the entire nation. Harbin bank’s statement of purpose is â€Å"to make benefits to her investors, cause clients to get more worth, cause the representatives to have trust in their future and furthermore make riches to the society†. This is in accordance with her way of thinking of â€Å"inclusive account and agreeably getting rich†. Being situated in the Northeast of China, Harbin bank is outfitted to supporting the SME’s and furthermore in making a global smaller scale credit bank which is famous. Harbin bank settled on an insightful choice to offer advances to little and medium size ventures (SME’s) since 2004 and the moving of the concentration to the SME’s has tackled the money related issues of the SME’s. Harbin bank’s little advances are characterized into four principle parts, to be specific, credits for ranchers, advances for little endeavors, advances for individual utilization, and advances for small scale ventures. As per the banks fiscal summary, before the finish of 2009, the little advance bank balance was 18.933 billion Yuan. This represented 60% of the bank’s absolute credit resource. ... The focal point of my work explicitly was in giving of credits to the little and the medium measured undertakings. As a major aspect of the direction to the organization and to renaissance myself to the procedures in the bank, the chief alloted one of the representatives who was learned and acquainted with the procedures of loaning of the cash to assist me with the vast majority of the work. After some time, with the help I got from her, I got the entire thought and came to gain proficiency with the entire procedure of giving of the credits. This improved the remainder of my working days with the bank. The underlying advance during the time spent loaning was correspondence between the client with the bank. Also, the organization which needs the cash need to have a gathering with the bank to share data between the bank and the organization. The data shows up at a typical concession to the set down conditions between the two gatherings. During this procedure we pose inquiries concernin g the state of the organization. For example, the amount they need, their arrangements for the advance, the quantity of lenders and the quantity of the borrowers and the insurance they intend to vow. Subsequent to investigating their application and their records, we give them data on how much the bank is willing and equipped for loaning them and their necessary compensation sum. In the event that the two gatherings strike a shared conviction in the arrangement table, at that point, we approach the organization to plan materials for the bank to process the advance. The records we generally solicitation to be given should be unique and their duplicates and they incorporate organization proprietorship archives, licenses of the business, credit application, budgetary report capital confirmation report, charge enlistment authentication among others.

A Study of Step 6 of the 12-Step Program

A Study of Step 6 of the 12-Step Program More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use The key to Step 6 is acceptanceâ€"accepting character defects exactly as they are and the willingness to let them go. Step 6: Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character. After identifying shortcomings and admitting to them by working Steps 4 and 5, the next step forces members of 12-step recovery groups to ask themselves if they are really willing to give up some of those faults. After all, some of them have been around so long, they are like old friends. They have been comfortable. But if the previous steps have been done thoroughly and honestly, many times facing the truth can bring a measure of guilt, which is a great motivation to become entirely ready to have those shortcomings removed. As with all the steps, the ability to become ready comes from a higher power, a power greater than yourself. How Step 6 Relates to Alcoholism The idea behind this phase of 12-step recoveryâ€"steps 4 through 7â€"is to address some of the personal issues, shortcomings and character defects that may have been a factor in your decision to begin drinking in the first place. If you simply stop drinking and do not address some of these other issues, they could cause you to get into situations that may cause you to relapse. For example, if the way you express anger or the way you handle rejection is a problem for others around you, you could end up ruining a relationship and that could cause you to pick up a drink again. Furthermore, if you quit drinking only and you dont address your other issues, you could end up what some call a dry drunk, and end up bitter and resentful. In which case, you may be sober, but very unhappy. Easy to Repeat Old Behaviors There is a saying around the 12-step rooms that you can get a horse thief sober, but you still have a horse thief. Or another one, you can take the rum out of the fruitcake, but you still have a fruitcake. What that means is, if all you do is stop drinking and you dont change some of your other behaviors, then it will be easier to slip back into your old habits, including going to the bar to drown your sorrows. That is why Steps 4 through 7 are in the middle of the 12 steps. If you dont admit you have shortcomings and take steps to address those issues, then a spiritual awakening may never come. Its all about being honest with yourself and those around you. Identifying your shortcomings and admitting them is not the end of the process. Becoming entirely ready to do something about them is a key to the solution. Others in recovery have shared what their experience is with Step 6. Here are some of their stories: Step 6: Getting Humble Working step 6 is simply working the first five steps, and then getting humble. This is not easy for many alcoholics. Working the first five steps seems grueling at first, but they manage to do it. Then the humble part steps in. How do you get humble? If the  messages of the first five steps sink in, you find humility. If the message somehow escaped you, go back and work them again, find out what you did wrong, and then try this step again. One AA member, Sox, relates how he often had hurt friends, family, and employers, but rationalized his behavior and blamed the one who was injured. In working the steps and accepting responsibility for the consequences of his actions and omissions he felt shame and remorse. He turned to his higher power in prayer in deep humility to remove his defects. Then he could take the road to redemption by  making amends.

Media Bias And Its Impact On Society - 932 Words

For the majority of history, newspapers have reported hard facts. Newspapers were a trusted source that society depended on to form their own opinion. More than ever, today it seems to be more difficult to find facts or truth. Just on that statement two significant and impactful questions are raised. Why is there so much bias and discrepancies between reporting and why is society fine with this? Anyone who pays attention to the reporting that is going on, they would notice the first question, but do not take it a moment to question why the public or themselves allow it. This all ties back to newspapers because they are beginning of this disaster. Although there hundreds of colleges and universities offer reporting degrees, these two questions are the heart of the matter and affecting society negatively. The daily activity of reading and watching any news outlet becomes filled with garbage. This garbage, of course, is media bias. It is ironic that every media outlet will call out the other side, yet committing exactly the same sin at that very moment. This is dreadful for the audience or the public because one has no idea what is going on or is true. Paul Farhi, Washington Post, points out, â€Å"Meanwhile, just about every new poll of public sentiment shows that confidence in the news media has hit a new low. Seventy-seven percent of those surveyed by the Pew Research Center in the fall said the media â€Å"tend to favor one side† compared with 53 percent who said so in 1985.† ThisShow MoreRelatedDoes Racial Bias Affect The Lives Of Americans? Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagescauses of this racial bias and the effects. We cannot ignore the obvious disadvantages minorities face in America. When examining the ways that systemic racial bias affects the lives of Americans, it is important to first define what systemic racial bias actually is. For the purposes of this research paper, it is the tendency of racism to exist in a specified process. Throughout the past centuries, the presence of this bias changed significantly but not disappeared. In an age of media at every turn, theRead MoreNews Media And Voting Preferences Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The news media plays an important role in society. It sets the stage for political news, manages sources, and controls the information. It functions as a window to the outside world, and possesses the ability to shape public knowledge, attitudes, and voting behavior. The relationship between news media and voting preferences has become a hot topic in recent years worldwide. 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A definitive version of realityRead MoreMedia Bias In The Media1474 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout America’s infantile years, the media solely consisted of the printing press, but as a result of industrialization, commercialization, and professionalization, it now extends into the world of technology, reaching far more Americans than ever before. Media can be defined as collective outlets for mass communication. In today’s society, massive amounts of media are consumed in a plethora of forms: newspapers, magazines, television, Internet, and social me dia. The 2007 U.S. Census Bureau s StatisticalRead More Media Power and Media Bias Essay995 Words   |  4 Pages The powerful media barons have always altered broadcasts to achieve their personal or corporate agenda. What purpose does the media serve now? Measuring Bias on Television by Barrie Gunter has elaborated on the idea that news was originally set up to act as a national tool to stir thoughts. But is it? No! Is the media even enlightening the public now? After careful speculation of mass media and the communication world, I am under the impression that broadcasts have been used to entertain, frighten

Dealing With The Lonely Life - 965 Words

Dealing With the Lonely Life The Sun Also Rises written by Ernest Hemmingway was a lonely and depressing book. Ernest Hemmingway was a member of the Lost Generation, and his style of writing is complex. Each of his passages has hidden symbols, and meanings, and the reader might not understand his passage through one read. His writing is also more descriptive than many other authors. Ernest Hemmingway’s message throughout the book was loneliness. The mood of The Sun Also Rises is gloomy, dim, depressing, and mournful. The book is never uplifting. The characters in the book such as Jake Barnes, Robert Cohn, Mike Campbell, and Lady Brett Ashley all have a sense of loneliness. Each of the characters have something missing in their lives, and†¦show more content†¦They were drinking and talking to each other in Paris. They were trying their best to have a good time, even though they were sheltering their sorrow. The guys were trying to see who could settle down with Brett. Near the end of the story each of the characters split up, and none of the men settled down with her. They each go their separate ways. Each of the characters came to Paris alone, and they all left alone. Jake, Robert and Mike were all trying to have a companion to settle down with, and each of the characters are still lonely. â€Å"As a roller came I dove, swam out under water† (Hemmingway 238). â€Å"I swam out to the raft, pulled myself up, and lay on the hot planks† (238). In this passage each of his lines are singular. In fact there are fifteen first person pronouns. The reader can figure out that Jake Barnes is alone. Jake feels comfortable in being alone. He chooses loneliness as his way of life. Hemmingway message to the reader that one has the choice of being lonely. If one chooses this path one will be like Jake Barnes. While Jake is by himself at the beach. Jake shows the reader that he is fine through his observations, but he is really lonely. â€Å"Th en I tried several dives. I dove deep once swimming down to the bottom† (239). He is empty, he tries his best to find a solution. He dives deep though the ocean, but he still can’t find what he is looking for. There is something missing. â€Å"I swam with my eyes open and it was green and dark (239)†. Because he

The Crysanthemums by John Steinbeck Free Essays

I have chosen to work with â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck for this assignment, I have found this short story to be fascinating and it brings with It emotional undertones which remain with the reader long after reading. In the essay I will be demonstrating how the author has used both tone and style and symbolism to convey the principles of the work. Tone and style can be found in the method of writing and narration. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crysanthemums by John Steinbeck or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tone is Indicated by the style the text Is written, who the narrator is and it will establish the reader’s relationship with the character’s. Style Is the distinctive use of language, It Is the sum of the dictation, Imagery, syntax, grammar, punctuation, and figurative language. Often the style of writing can platoon who the writer Is. Symbol (or symbolism) In writing can be a person, time or place. Something that suggests meanings beyond the literal sense, It bears multiple suggestions and associations and Is unique to that particular work. This story is written in third person narrative, there initially appears to be no emotional pull in the way the story is told though it is rich in descriptive of place ND setting, from this you get a sense of being hemmed in, an atmosphere almost of despair. Despite the fact that no real emotional ties seem to be present at first glance, and maybe because of this fact the reader is left to feel the emotional undercurrent. I feel that the author has more invested in the emotions of this piece and this puts it at odds to the narrator. There is some speculation that this story is in fact based on John Steinbeck relationship with his wife Carol (Satinwood, 2008) and alludes to a short affair she had with a friend of Steinbeck wife’s boss. Throughout the story we get to know Elise Allen, her dreams and desires are laid bare not so much through thought or words but by her actions and her surrounds. Elijah’s conversation with her husband Henry Just adds to the impression that she is a woman who wants to be thought of and treated as a woman in all aspects but through lack of communication with Henry she feels helpless and a bit like ‘one of the boys’. Is her only quality of value the ability to grow things? Henrys insistence that she should turn her hand to the orchard (far more practical) than her beloved harassments Just reinforces his inability to see her as a sexual being. Her sexuality is played down. The story comes full circle with Elijah’s dissatisfaction with her life, the idea of escape or a connection, though not sexual to another person who seemed to have an interest in her and her work gives her a peek Into what could be, then back to where she started, dissatisfied with her life and love. This all adds to the alarm of dissatisfaction that Is felt. The tragedy In all this Is that she does not Just come full circle but In the process loses her dreams of Independence In the process. She seems to give up. She turned up her coat collar so he could not see that she was crying weakly- Like an old woman† (Steinbeck, 1938). BY Vote assignment, I have found this short story to be fascinating and it brings with it writing and narration. Tone is indicated by the style the text is written, who the narrator is and it will establish the reader’s relationship with the character’s. Style is the distinctive use of language, it is the sum of the dictation, imagery , syntax, grammar, punctuation, and figurative language. Often the style of writing can nipping who the writer is. Symbol (or symbolism) in writing can be a person, time or place. Something that suggests meanings beyond the literal sense, it bears multiple suggestions and associations and is unique to that particular work. Seemed to have an interest in her and her work gives her a peek into what could be, air of dissatisfaction that is felt. The tragedy in all this is that she does not Just come full circle but in the process loses her dreams of independence in the process. She crying weakly – like an old woman† (Steinbeck, 1938). How to cite The Crysanthemums by John Steinbeck, Papers

Malaysian National Snack Essays - Malaysian Cuisine,

Malaysian National Snack I went to a Malaysian restaurant with my family last weekend to try some new Asian dishes we never tasted before. The name of the restaurant is Yazmin Malaysian Restaurant. That restaurant is located on Las Tunas Drive, San Gabriel. We ordered the curry noodles, the spicy chicken wings, the curry squids, and the satay. Among the foods we ordered, I would like to describe a dish that is called "Satay." It is so delicious, and it is a new Asian dish that I never tasted before. There are many interesting Malaysian traditional things in that Malaysia restaurant. The restaurant was decorated by hanging the Malaysian traditional kites and posters with Malaysia famous places. Besides the kites and the posters, there also has some traditional clothes on the walls. The boss called that is the "Batik" clothes. Thus, I felt that I was like that I was eating in Malaysia in that time. We ordered some Malaysia traditional foods, and one of those dishes that I like it very much. That is "Satay." Satay is a barbecued meat on a skewer. There are five skewers on a plate accompany with some bite-size cubes of cold, cook rice and the cool slices of cucumber, and uncook red onion. Along with it, there is a smaller plate filled with spicy peanut gravy. By using the same skewer, I dipped the meat into the spicy peanut gravy before I tasted it. Then, I speared a cube of cold, cook rice, and dipped into the gravy. Besides the bite-size of rice, I also speared a slice of cucumber and a slice of red onion, and dipped them into the gravy. It is so delicious until I had eaten up all the satay. Satay's meat is marinated and threaded through thin bamboo skewers before grilled. When it is grilled, it is basted with margarine by using a lemon grass as brush. I believe this made the smell better. However, the satay gravy has more complicated ingredients. It contains of peanuts, onion, garlic, chilies, lemon juices, coconut milk, ground cumin, ground turmeric, and chopped lemon grass. The cucumber and onion are prepared uncook and cut into slices. The rice cubes are made of plain rice which cook with coconut milk instead of water. I like to eat the gravy because it contains peanuts in it. The peanuts made the gravy so crunchy and I like it very much. The satay's meat is also good. However, when the satay became cold, I felt hard to chew. I like the rice cubes and the cucumber very much, but not the uncook onion because it was smelled bad after eating. Satay is a traditional food of Malaysia. It is so special compared to the other Asian's food I had tried. Of course, I would like to eat the satay again if I have a chance to go back to that Malaysian restaurant.

6 Steps to Answering Tell Me About Yourself During a Job Interview

6 Steps to Answering Tell Me About Yourself During a Job Interview While this might seem a like simple question to answer with people you’ve just met, it can be nerve-wracking at  a job interview. What is too much or too little information? How do you articulate all of your relevant job experiences in a 30-minute format? During the interview process, first impressions are important and can make the difference in whether you get the job or not. That, in turn, can make a difference in whether you can pay your bills and buy food. A few handy tips can help you sail through this important interview question to  be prepared when the time comes. 1. Include All Relevant Information.Answer  in an inclusive way, but include all the information necessary to give the hiring manager an idea of what you’re about. An ideal response should compel  the recruiter to ask you more questions  and include parts of your past, present, and future. An interesting response can encourage a recruiter to explore your application further. Whether applying for a sales jobs or other types of jobs, the interview process is the same.2. Answer. Don’t Ramble.The recruiter isn’t interested in hearing a dissertation on your past life. Keep information to what is most relevant, and focus on the job description. Try to keep your response under one minute- that’s time enough to respond and will show the recruiter your answer is well thought out and articulate. It might be a good idea to write out a response to this question in advance, time it until it is short enough, and practice beforehand.3. Think About the Job.Hiring the wrong person for the job can reflect badly on the recruiter, so he or she wants to find the best qualified person. Getting an interviewee to talk is the best way to go about that, but rambling on about inconsequential things can be a turn-off. Give the recruiter a chance to ask questions and don’t think it is a race to the finish. Be concise and to the point.4. Begin With Your Education.If you are qualified for the educational requirements for the job, begin your statement with your education- what and when you studied. If you don’t meet the educational requirements but have experience that shows you can do the job, then start there. Whatever you do, don’t lie about your education. That can perhaps land you a job but can also cost you the job when the employer finds out. In addition, remember to not get too detailed. There will be plenty of other questions to answer, and you can fill in later.5. Present Your Selling Points.No, the recruiter doesn’t need to know that you worked in a snack shop during high school or that you have four children and a house full of pets. Going through all the jobs you’ve ever held, even though these jobs are not relevant to this one, is a mistake (as you will be able to tell when the recruiter’s eyes start to glaze over). Keep your focus relevant to the job application and highlight the skills and expertise you have acquired from about two other jobs that make you a great candidate for the job.6. Hit the Finish Line.Conclude the answer to this question with why you think your qualifications make you a good fit for the job. If you still have a job at the time of the interview, include how much you would like this opportunity because it offers a challenge and excitement. Don’t say that your current job, boss, or environment is a problem for you. Statements of discontent about  a current job may make the recruiter think you could be a difficult person or are job shopping until you find the one that suits you and will take whatever you can get in the meantime.The most difficult part about job hunting is getting to that first interview to be given an opportunity to speak. TheJobNetwork can help by sending job openings that match your qualifications and needs as soon as those openings appear. All you have to do is list what types of jobs you want to apply for and your qualifications and the process begins. This simple way to job hunt is more inclusive than searching for yourself and keeps you from missing opportunities. You can get started right away when you sign up for job match alert.

Prehistoric Life During the Paleocene Epoch

Prehistoric Life During the Paleocene Epoch Although it didnt boast as wide an array of prehistoric mammals as the epochs that succeeded it, the Paleocene was notable for being the geologic stretch of time immediately following the extinction of the dinosaurswhich opened up vast ecological niches for surviving mammals, birds, reptiles and marine animals. The Paleocene was the first epoch of the Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago), the other two being the Eocene (56-34 million years ago) and Oligocene (34-23 million years ago); all these periods and epochs were themselves part of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present). Climate and geography. The first few hundred years of the Paleocene epoch comprised the dark, frigid aftermath of the K/T Extinction, when an astronomical impact on the Yucatan peninsula raised enormous clouds of dust that obscured the sun worldwide. By the end of the Paleocene, however, the global climate had recovered, and was nearly as warm and muggy as it had been during the preceding Cretaceous period. The northern supercontinent of Laurasia had yet to completely break apart into North America and Eurasia, but the giant continent Gondwana in the south was already well on its way to separating into Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia. Terrestrial Life During the Paleocene Epoch Mammals. Contrary to popular belief, mammals didnt suddenly appear on the planet after the dinosaurs went extinct; small, mouselike mammals coexisted with dinosaurs as far back as the Triassic period (at least one mammalian genus, Cimexomys, actually straddled the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary). The mammals of the Paleocene epoch werent much larger than their predecessors, and only barely hinted at the forms they would later attain: for example, the distant elephant ancestor Phosphatherium only weighed about 100 pounds, and Plesidadapis was an extremely early, extremely small primate. Frustratingly, most mammals of the Paleocene epoch are known only by their teeth, rather than well-articulated fossils. Birds. If you were somehow transported back in time to the Paleocene epoch, you might be forgiven for concluding that birds, rather than mammals, were destined to inherit the earth. During the late Paleocene, the fearsome predator Gastornis (once known as Diatryma) terrorized the small mammals of Eurasia, while the very first terror birds, equipped with hatchet-like beaks, began to evolve in South America. Perhaps not surprisingly, these birds resembled small meat-eating dinosaurs, as they evolved to fill that suddenly vacant ecological niche. Reptiles. Paleontologists still arent sure why crocodiles managed to survive the K/T Extinction, while their closely related dinosaur brethren bit the dust. In any case, prehistoric crocodiles continued to flourish during the Paleocene epoch, as did snakesas evidenced by the truly enormous Titanoboa, which measured about 50 feet from head to tail and may have weighed more than a ton. Some turtles, too, attained giant sizes, as witness Titanoboas contemporary in the swamps of South America, the one-ton Carbonemys. Marine Life During the Paleocene Epoch Dinosaurs werent the only reptiles that went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Mosasaurs, the fierce, sleek marine predators, also disappeared from the worlds oceans, along with the last straggling remnants of plesiosaurs and pliosaurs. Filling the niches vacated by these voracious reptilian predators were prehistoric sharks, which had existed for hundreds of millions of years but now had the room to evolve to truly impressive sizes. The teeth of the prehistoric shark Otodus, for example, are a common find in Paleocene and Eocene sediments. Plant Life During the Paleocene Epoch A huge number of plants, both terrestrial and aquatic, were destroyed in the K/T Extinction, victims of the enduring lack of sunlight (not only did these plants succumb to darkness, but so did the herbivorous animals that fed on the plants and the carnivorous animals that fed on the herbivorous animals). The Paleocene epoch witnessed the very first cactuses and palm trees, as well as a resurgence of ferns, which were no longer harassed by plant-munching dinosaurs. As in preceding epochs, much of the world was covered by thick, green jungles and forests, which thrived in the heat and humidity of the late Paleocene climate. Next: the Eocene Epoch

LA Cuisine Marketing Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LA Cuisine Marketing Report - Coursework Example It has a wide range of meals to suite all individuals and workouts. The main offering that the restaurant make includes protein booster for body builders, slim fat meals for people who intend to lose weight, high crab meal for those taking endurance training, and low meals for the one who want to acquire a lean body and muscle. The restaurants will offer the customers with advice on the best meals that fit their workout. The restaurants will offer three meals breakfast, lunch, and dinner (Loudon, Stevens, and Bruce, 2004). a. Marketing plan overview Marketing refers to a method of determining the value for ones products or services and taking the appropriate procedure to communicate the information to customers. Before deciding on the price that one will offer in the market, a reasonable analysis should be conducted on the target group or customers. LA Cuisine has clearly identified the target group and analyzed their needs. The restaurants will, therefore, make substantial returns d ue to proper selection of a unique opportunity (Loudon, Stevens, and Bruce, 2004). The researcher who will have the responsibility of marketing the restaurants should put into consideration The Four Ps. These include product, price, place, and promotion. For the researcher to emerge with the best marketing method that LA Cuisine should adopt, they should concentrate emerging with an appropriate marketing plan. Products refer to the commodities that the entity will offer. Price is the charges that the management will be implementing for every commodity or service. Place is the location of the entity where the business will take place. Promotion refers to the various strategies that the business will offer to help people find about the product. Where the researcher concentrates on the above, LA Cuisine will be successful to dominate the market of serving their customers with the best services (Website marketing plan, 2012). Marketing objectives The objectives set out the goals that th e business wants to achieve in the course of the marketing process. LA Cuisine should aim at attaining various objectives that will lead to success and comprise of both corporate and functional objectives. Corporate objectives are the one that concern the business as a whole, while functional objectives are the objectives for various marketing activities. For a business to be successful, the objectives should conform to the SMART criteria below (McDonald, and Wilson, 2011). 1. Specific- the objectives should state exactly what should be achieved. 2. Measurable- the objectives should be flexible in a manner that the management can measure them. It should be possible for the management to determine if they achieve their objective. 3. Achievable- the various laid out objectives should be realistic. They should conform to the resources of the entity. 4. Relevant- the objectives should have material relevance to the staff who have the responsibility of achieving them. 5. Time Bound- the management should set the objectives with a time-frame in mind. This will ensure that the management sets realistic and attainable deadlines for various objectives. LA Cuisine should follow the above criteria to achieve the set objectives. With a strict adherence to the above criteria, the company will derive fruitful results in achieving the stipulated results. Marketing ethics This is a field that deals with the various moral principles that govern regulation and

Institutional Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Institutional Investment - Essay Example As compared to other funds that can be termed as passively managed funds, the actively managed funds tend to have a higher expense ratio due to the stock-picking that goes on with this type of portfolio. On the other hand, an index fund is a collective investment scheme focusing on an index movement in the financial market with already set rules that have to remain constant regardless of the market dynamics that are supposedly affecting stock. (Kaushik, 2013, p.1) The tracking in here means it can be approached by holding all securities in the index with the same proportions of the stock being monitored as much statistically sampling the market and holding representative securities. Having the advantage of lower fees, the returns to the investors are few influenced as well as low costs are in the light of taxes. Actively managed equity mutual funds have trillions of dollars in assets, collect tens of billions in management fees, and are the subject of enormous attention from investor s, the press, and researchers; therefore the scrutiny of such funds come from all quarters their active management (Baks, Metrick and Watcher, 2001, p. 43-83). This is due to the fact that they are relevantly required to mature in a shorter period as compared to indexed funds and for years, many experts have been saying that investors would be better off in low-cost passively managed index funds. The brief of the active fund and index fund is two different investment strategy. The former is looking for the market to be misprice securities positively and seek to obtain market performances beyond target. While the later chose a particular index as an investment, not the manifestation of seek the market actively instead of trying to replicate the performance of an index (Philippe, 2002, p. 1-10). According to Jensen (1968, p. 389-400), most studies have found that the universe of mutual funds does not outperform its benchmarks after expenses and this evidence indicates that the average active mutual fund should be avoided hence the preference shifts to the indexed funds for the longer term investments. Other findings reveal that future abnormal returns â€Å"alphas† can be forecast using past returns or alphas, past fund inflows, and manager characteristics such as age, education, and SAT scores which goes a long way in their decision making with regard to financial knowledge. Base on the evidence, those alphas are possible to persistent, and that some managers own positives expectation on alphas as far as about 0.1 percent of all managers in the expectation and none do. Using current data and methods, it is not possible to distinguish between these two possibilities, but at the same time such small differences may have large consequences for investors. There has been rising popularity among the index funds, and this can be attributed to their excellent performance in the long run as they have outperformed their actively managed competitors as a whole. Tak ing a look at the mathematical aspect of the indices, the average active

Genetic Regulation of Apoptosis and Organ Development

Genetic Regulation of Apoptosis and Organ Development This report reviews about the genetic regulation of apoptosis and organ development. The specific genes have been determined which cause these functions inside an organism proves to us some vital sequential systems concerning cell differentiation which in turn leads to the proliferation of the species. This report mainly gives you a clear cut explanation about how cell death and organ development act together in a progressive manner in concern with the development of an organism. The genes determined have been attested to be very useful in the field of treatment of diseases time and time again. And the review also dissertates on how the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used efficiently to determine the regulative genes of development and apoptosis. Which sequentially leads us to some predetermined definite advantages of the practical findings in the field of medicine. There are an enormous number of cells in the human body and in all organisms. Including an exception for numerous other bacteria and other microorganisms lower down the complication order. The basis of all these cells are two processes namely mitosis and meiosis. To be more specific in humans the fertilized egg is the source of all types of cells. From the fertilized egg in the humans to the innate process of mitosis and meiosis in the smallest of organisms all undergo cell differentiation. This process in defined as bringing in the characteristic of a specific cell to it specific function. These cells basically develop into various types of cells from their first stage of interphase in mitosis. But to remember that the zygotic stage never determines the specific function of the cell. Not only the newly formed cells undergo differentiation but the adult cells or the adult stem cells to be more specific undergo differentiation to form specific tissues and then organs and later to form a whole organism. The adult stem cells after their process of differentiation transfer their characteristics to their daughter cells in such a way that the daughter cells also exhibit the same characteristics as their parental generation. The cell differentiate along these lines that the whole morphology of the cell like the cell size, cell structure, membrane potential and even its response to signals alter. On the contrary cell death also plays a major part in cell differentiation and organ development. For example the process of metamorphosis in butterfly from larvae to the completely metamophosized butterfly or from the tadpole to a frog. The deaths of many cells are involved in this process, but very specific cells. Apoptosis is the word given for a programmed process of cell death without which the development of organs or any higher organism is most unlikely to happen. All the processes mentioned above are the consequences of gene manipulation within the cell. These are cont rolled by specific genes within a cell giving out certain signals as and when needed for different processes. Determining the genes that are involved in these processes is called as genetic regulation. Genetic regulation or gene evaluation plays a vital role in the field of medicine. This article discusses about the use of Caenorhabditis elegans, a transparent nematode worm as a specimen for determining the genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death or apoptosis. This specific species was short listed among many others as it had a very short time spanned cell cycle (Wood and William, 1988). Which consisted of only 959 adult cells in its generation cells making it very easy to analyse and determine the genetic regulation (Brenner, 1974). On the whole three scientists worked on determining the genetic regulation of apoptosis and organ development. Sir John Sulston was the first one among the three to initiate the experiment starting with developing all the techniques to study cell division in the nematode worm from its stage of a fertilized egg to a completely mature adult stage of the worm. (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977). Dr. H. Robert Howitz continued the work of Sir John Sulston by putting forward the question whether there was a genetic code for all death and development processes taking place in an organism. A specific genetic programmed that he suggested might be and determined the genetic regulations for the same processes in the worm (Jonathan and Robert, 1978). Dr.Sydney Brenner played his part by proving the work done by the previous scientists on determining the specific genes. He mutated those specific genes involved in the processes by using EMS or Ethyl Methane Sulphonate. This landed up on the result that, when these genes are mutated the organ development does not take place and consequentially lead to the death of the organism (Brenner, 1973) (Jonathan and Sydney Brenner, 1978). The work of all the three scientists helped in landing up in a theory and experimental proof of genetic regulation of apoptosis and organ development and also that there is a major connection between both the processes for the survival of the organism. The use of nematode worm was considered because it is difficult to determine the same in higher animals. The genes like Ced-3 and Ced-4 were primarily determined to be the genetic regulators of apoptosis and the proteins which codes for the initiation of these genes were used for degrading the DNA after apoptosis. Also making an understanding on how the dead cell is eliminated after the process of apoptosis. It was proposed that the same regulations also take place in higher organisms including humans as one of them with the help of homologous proteins like Apaf-1 in humans replacing CED-4 in C.elegans (Hua and William, 1997). The male and the hermaphrodite are differentiated by the morphology or by their internal organs. The male nematode is supposed to have 959 cells in its mature adult stage and makes it very easy to determine the genetic regulation. The picture above gives the lateral view of dissected C.elegans. The lateral dissected view clearly shows the simplicity of the organism and also on why the organism was narrowed down to study upon. (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977) This report mainly concentrates on the determination of genes involved in the process and how the two processes of development and death are linked in the complete life cycle of an organism. Determining the genetic regulation of the same plays a vital role in curing a hand full of dreadful diseases like Cancer, AIDS and Myocardial Infarction (Thompson, 1995). The unstoppable growth of cells inhibiting the process of apoptosis in the case of cancer (Morgan et al., 2006) and the death of cells inhibiting the process of development and initiating the process of apoptosis by activating all the available pathways (Explained in detailed in the proceeding pages) for the process of apoptosis in the case of AIDS (Perez et al., 2008). Determining the genes involved or genetic regulation has a major role in the treatment of these diseases. As genes and gene coding are the bases of every live organism in this universe. Genetic Regulation of Apoptosis and Organ Development: To just basically explain about genetic regulation before getting deep into the degree of the paper, genetic regulation is the process of turning on or turning of the genes that are needed and those of which are not needed respectively. The first ever gene regulation developments were on the lac and the trp operon model. Basically it is a system used for saving up the enzymes and using them whenever necessary and not wasting them by accumulating them by continuously producing them on the contrary. These are helped by the genes. And for better understanding s schematic is given below of the overall process of genetic regulation. Introduction to Apoptosis Apoptosis is derived from the Greek language meaning dropping off or falling off of parts. This I suppose does not give the appropriate meaning but the term was coined according to the preliminary discoveries of researchers regarding the same. The term was titled to fit the process as there were findings and literature that stated the dropping of all organelles (not literally) of the cell after the depletion of the cell wall in the continuum of processes of apoptosis. The term generally means programmed cell death, which is defined as the well timed suicide of the cells by gene regulation as and when needed by the organism. This is the exact process that takes place in all organisms from a single celled to a multicellular complex organism. Apoptosis regulates certain morphological features of the cell leading to its death in the coming cycles of apoptosis. The morphological changes include bleebing, loss of cell membrane, asymmetry of the cell, fragmentation of the DNA and many other structural and functional changes (Alberts et al., 2008). Atrophy is caused in the final stages of apoptosis which can lead to the complete destruction of the cells. The process was primarily considered to be incomplete as it was not known how the cells were dissolved after their death as the organelles after the cell death would cause to create an unwanted mass in the organism. But latter it was determined that the cells after the process of apoptosis ended up in creating apoptotic bodies which were engulfed by other cells using pseudo arms and then were dissolved using the proteins that code for the gene to regulate the process of apoptosis (Walker and Sikorska 1994). During the years of the primary experimentation this process was written along with the process of necrosis which was the premature death of cells due to external effects like toxins, hazardous chemicals or radiations. But further experimentation and trials proved that apoptosis was a self-inducing factor of cells for their suicide in order that the following processes of or gan development takes place without obstructions. When human trials are concerned it is to be noted that about 50 to 70 billion cells die each day in the same process, where at the same time daughter cells are generated. Cell death plays an important role in organ development and tissue homeostasis. The regulation of cell proliferation by Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) contributes to organ and tissue development and differentiation to a great extent. Depending upon the time and clinical impacts many genes change their expression during organ development. The success of organ development completely depends upon the interaction between the maintenance of cell survival and cell death. Cell death plays a significant role in promoting growth and tissue development of an organism. Generally when cell death occurs, the following points are to be taken into account, Development of normal tissues and cell death. Regulation of cell cycle and expression of genes. Determining the cell death pathway. The pathway acts as a molecular target for therapy (Prof. Dr. M. Nurhalim Shahib, 2001). When cells die, the contents of the cell are released in the surrounding and it causes inflammation or swelling which is termed as necrosis. When cells die during normal development or tissue homeostasis, they tend to condense and shrink and the dead cells are phagocytised by neighbouring cells before the contents of the cell get leaked in the surrounding. They do not induce any inflammatory response unlike the necrosis. This process is termed as Apoptosis or Programmed Cell Death (Kerr et al., 1972). Apoptotic Pathways Extracellular and intracellular pathways are the two terms that are concerned when there is a death of a cell taking place or a death of group of cells. Extracellular pathways are the subjecting of cells to toxin or hormones or growth factors which can in turn lead to the death of the cell. This not of much concern in our review as we are concentrating on the pathways of apoptosis. To get a brief knowledge about the death of the cells we should know that the death of the cells can take place by sensoring the signals from inside the cell or from the outside of the cell. Apoptosis mainly takes place by transducing signals from the inside of the cell. This process can be put into two main categories namely positive induction and negative induction. Induction means the inhibition of the reaction and hence positive induction refers to the undergoing apoptosis reaction. To give a brief about the extracellular and intracellular processes. The intracellular processes will be explained in detail below and the extracellular process is simply the transducing of signals in case of unstable environment or the sequential crossing of the plasma membrane. Intracellular signalling has many different pathways which follow a definite sequence of steps. These including some like the binding of receptors by glucorticoids in the presence of high calcium concentration. All processes in the cells are initiated by enzymes specific enzymes that code for specific genes to be activated for the following reaction to take place. Hence in the contrary these proteins or enzymes can also be used to inhibit the reaction by finding out the genes which code for the enzyme to be produced. The process of apoptosis is mainly targeted to the mitochondria of the cell which then ceases almost all the functions the cell. For explaining in detail the intracellular processes that are taking place we need some specific pathways for a deep understanding. Many pathways are proposed and on literature which we are going to discuss in brief in the following pages of my report. Mitochondrial Regulation of Apoptosis Briefly explaining about mitochondria, they are the power house of the cell and supplies energy for the complete survival of the cell without which the cell is not in existence. Obviously needless to say that without the functionality of the mitochondria the cell is just another non living organism without any appropriate use. This vivid function of the bacteria is used by the apoptotic pathways. There are two pathways by which the cells are forced to death by inhibiting the function of the mitochondria. They are the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. They both vary in the pathways but the end product is always the death of the cell. (Susin et al., 1999). The intrinsic pathway is basically the swelling up of the mitochondria by the formation of pores. This is formed by the binding of Cytochrome C to the apoptotic protease activating factor and then followed by the process of apoptosis. On the other hand the extrinsic pathway is the decrease of the membrane potential of the mitochondrial membrane by the action of nitric oxide and also the increase of the permeability causing a leak of enzymes inside the mitochondria. This causes the uncontrollable swelling of the cell and also causes blebbing. When the cells continue to swell it leads to the damage of the cellular membrane that eventually leads to cell death. These are reported to be caused by the SMACs which are stated to be secondary mitochondria derived activation of caspases. This can be proved to be the right opposite to the intrinsic pathway as this process deactivates the pathway that inhibits apoptosis by binding to the inhibition of apoptosis proteins or namely IAP rather than the intrinsic pathway that directly induces apoptosis. (Mayer and Oberbauer, 2003). When we get to compare both the processes we tend to end up in a result which states that the damage of the cell is indistinguishable between the two. 2.2.2 Caspase Independent Pathway Caspase in considered as the most important protein in the proper functioning of the apoptosis cycle. But it is proved that the apoptosis can also take place without the activity of the caspase protein. This takes place by a binding factor known as Apoptosis Inducing Factor (Cande et al., 2002) which only needs transduced signals rather than the caspase binding (Magali et al., 1999) 2.2.3 Signal Transduction Signal transduction is generally described as the process of transferring signals. The same as mentioned above this also involves both extracellular and intracellular signals. This process is also called as the shape shifting process as the morphology of the cell is completely changed after this process takes place. There are two different pathways TNF and Fas pathways namely. Figure 4: TNF and FAS Pathway within the cell. The diagram gives an easier explanation for the Fas pathway including the caspase binding reaction. It also shows many other proteins involved in programmed cell death. The TNF and the Fas pathways are two completely different pathways with the same functionality as to programmed cell death. They assist mainly in transferring signals not only from the inside the cells to the point of pathway commencement but also from the exterior of the cell to the important signal transducers inside the cell. (Philip, 2004). The TNF pathway or the Tumor Necrosis Factor pathway. The pathway is commenced by the binding of TNF R1 and TNF R2 which in turn leads to the initiation of caspase activating pathway which then eventually leads to the death of the cell. Both the pathways to be mentioned are results of binding. This pathway was also proved to be leading to one too many activations of transcription factors, the cause of numerous diseases (Chen and Goeddel, 2002). The Fas pathway also follows the same binding pathway as the TNF pathway. Only that the activation of transcription factors is unlikely to happen and the binding here takes place in caspase 8 and caspase 10. Binding of Fas and Fas L takes place along with the Death Inducing Signaling Factors or DISCs (Wajant H, 2002). 2.3 Extracellular Control of Apoptosis Programmed cell death or apoptosis have found to be activated or suppressed by extracellular signals from other cells apart from the apoptotic cells by controlling the mechanism. These extracellular signals are sent majorly to prevent programmed cell death. (Raff, 1992). There are a few examples to demonstrate how the signals activate or suppress apoptosis. Most of the vertebral cells tend to undergo apoptosis when cultured at a low density with the secretion of extracellular signals on their own. For Example- Blastomeres have the ability to survive and divide even in the absence of extracellular signals. The cells from tissues that are made of only single cell types have the ability to produce self-survival signals (Biggers et al., 1971). In some cells, a combination of several signals from different cells is required for their survival in a long term aspect. Example- The vertebral neurons during development compete for signals for their survival which are secreted by the target cells that they innervate. In this process only half of the neurons get enough signals to survive and the rest undergoes programmed cell death. Therefore, the normal death can be prevented by injecting exogenous Nerve Growth Factors (NGF) to the neurons. Similarly when the genes that code for NGFs are inactivated or by addition of anti-NGF antibodies, all the neurons undergo Apoptosis. Usually both inactivation and injection of NGFs are carried in a neuron to provide a balance between the number of neurons innervating the target cell and the unwanted neurons that target inappropriate cells (Levi, 1987). Some cells are triggered by programmed cell death inducing signals which suppresses the action of the signals that are responsible for the survival of the cell. Example- In amphibians like tadpoles, a systematic induction occurs at the metamorphosis stage where the cells in the tail undergo apoptosis due to the increase of thyroid hormone in the blood and this facilitates the resorption of the tail (Kerr et al., 1974). 2.4 Overall Process of Apoptosis- Morphological Concern The figure above gives us an easier understanding of the morphology of the cells in the course of Apoptosis. The diagram gives us a clear cut explanation about how normal cells receive signals and then followed by cell shrinkage and nuclear collapse leading to death and formation of apoptotic bodies to the complete lysis of the cell. (Philip, 2004). Observation Causes Cell shrinkage and rounding Breakdown of proteinaceous cytoskeleton by caspase. Density of Cytoplasm Signal transduction by TNF pathway or Mitochondrial regulation Tight packing of organelles Signal transduction by TNF pathway or Mitochondrial regulation Chromatin shrinkage against nuclear envelope- Phykonosis Condensation of Nucleus Karyorrhexis Degradation of DNA Breaking of Nucleus Blebbing (Mathew et al). Localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from plasma membrane Phagocytosis or engulfing of dead cells Usually present on the cytosolic surface but spread by scramblase Table 1: Tabulated format of the observations during Apoptosis of the cell and their primary causes. 2.5 Role of Inhibitory or Promoter genes in Apoptosis The cells after undergoing apoptosis in all tissues and animals appear similar and this cell death gets involved in many operations that are active and intracellular which can be promoted or inhibited by physiological or pathological stimuli. Regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans The genes responsible for apoptosis was first identified in a nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, related to cell death and its control (Horvitz et al., 1982; Ellis and Horvitz, 1986). Initial genetic studies in C.elegans led to the identification of a gene called Ced-3, a promoter gene responsible for programmed cell death to occur during the development of the worm (Ellis et al., 1991). The Ced-3 gene codes for an enzyme which is Cysteine Protease (Yuan et al., 1993). The gene cleaves the substrate after every active and specific aspartic acid sites and they get activated by cleaving at the aspartic acid sites. These are now referred to as Caspases (Alnemriet et al.,1996) The caspases mediate the apoptosis by cleaving at specific intracellular proteins that are of high selectivity and these proteins in turn activate the apoptosis process (Chinnaiyan and Dixit, 1996). Similarly there are many genes that inhibit the apoptosis process in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. One such gene is Ced-9, which belongs to the same family as the Ced-3 and this gene inhibits apoptosis in the nematode (Hengartner and Horvitz, 1994). If Ced-9 is activated by disruption or any mutation, the worm dies at a very early stage when compared to the usual growth. Therefore Ced-9 is necessary to prevent programmed cell death if the cell has to survive in the developing worm. (Hengartner et al., 1992) Regulation in Mammalian cells Similar to the nematode there are many genes that act as inhibitors or promoters of programmed cell death or apoptosis in mammalian cells also. They in turn contribute to organ and tissue development. Certain genes like Bcl- 2 and Bcl- XL act as inhibitors that inhibit programmed cell death. Genes like Bax and Bak act as promoter genes. They promote programmed cell or apoptosis. The average ratio of the inhibitors to the promoters determines the capacity of a mammalian cell to undergo apoptosis (Korsmeyer, 1995). Bcl- XL, in three dimensional structures is noted to function as a pore forming protein in the intercellular membrane where the genes are actually present. (Muchmore et al, 1996) When the Bcl- 2 and Bcl- XL is disrupted in a mammal like mice, the animal tends to die either as an embryo itself of in the post natal stage due to excessive programmed cell deaths in particular organs. When Bax is disrupted, normal programmed cell death or apoptosis process itself fails to occur (Deckwerth et al, 1996). Although proteins are required for the apoptosis process, inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis often inhibit apoptosis indicating that transcription and translation are required to activate the programmed cell death process. 2.6 Importance of Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) In the mutant nematodes, where the apoptosis process is deficient, it is found to have a normal life span. But whereas apoptosis process deficient flies are found to die at an early stage. The vertebrates exhibit results similar to that of the flies. This difference is due to the inhibitory and the promoter genes in the different organisms and their relation to organ development and tissue homeostasis. 2.7 Consequences of Defective Pathways The consequences caused (diseases) are only caused by the defective apoptotic pathways. Where normal apoptosis does not take place. The only way by which the flow of apoptosis is disrupted is by deferring the signal. When the pathway is inhibited the growth of the cell continues and the cells live more that they are supposed to actually live and differentiation of these cells also transfer the fault to their progeny. Which most probably leads to cancer. The inhibitor or the suppressor as we call it here binds to caspase preferably 8, 9 or 10 here in this case and stops the cell death. AIDS: This specific viral protein deactivates the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and triggers the mitochondrial regulation pathway to progress the reaction at a higher pace. FAS mediated apoptosis is increased and the death rate also increases (Perez et al., 2008). Cancer: This disease is a causative of inhibition of apoptosis. Where the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein plays a vital role. When the cells do not die at the specified time a tumor is produced leading to cancer (Ott et al., 2006; John and Kerr, 2006). Having mentioned about the disadvantages of the defective apoptotic pathways, the advantages of apoptosis is none other than the development of organs by programmed suicide of the cells As I have mentioned before, there are uncountable processes that are taking place inside an organism every milli second. The process of apoptosis has its own significance amidst all the other. It can also be rightly named the mother of all processes as apoptosis is the cause of organ development and also the root cause of development of any organism. 3. Organ Development Organ development is also known as organogenesis. For our clear understanding we can explain it as the budding of organs from the growth cycle beginning from the form of a zygote. This routine is followed in all organisms which is just the consequence of death of cells in a programmable manner. The cells from the stage of division are never pre-determined the cells later are differentiated to form certain organs or organ systems. This programmed process of cell death coupled with organ development is the most important course of action in any organism as it determines the growth or death of the same. Then which can be followed by all the regular functions of the gene. To give a brief description about how organ development takes place, it is the proceedings of the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm to develop organs and organ systems. The embryo is at its weakest in this stage of development which may lead to anomalies or discretion. The soul reason behind this process on paper to progress in a timely manner is the proper differentiation of cells by gene coding. Which can literally imprint an impact on the cells to develop only to certain organs by coding them. Stem cells play the most vital part. Being the cells that can undergo easy differentiation combined with a superiorly faster rate of proliferation when compared to normally proliferating cells. Figure 9: Development of Endoderm, Mesoderm and Ectoderm into specified organs by genetic coding. The layers are distinctively separated and differentiated into specific organs and organ systems by genetic regulation. This differentiation is defined by the genes that regulate the development. Endoderm à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Forms the tissue within the lungs and pancreas (Anne and Douglas, 2000). Mesoderm à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Function of forming muscles and also the tissues of kidneys. Ectoderm à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Primordial function of formation of tissues with the epidermis and most important characteristic of formation of neurons. 3.1 Causes of improper organ development There are many conditions that can cause improper organ development. Some of them like Toxicity, high amounts of radiation in the form of zygote or even in the higher order in the development line can cause permanent shift from the frame of reference. Other prime movers for this plight are some like tobacco and alcohol and other brain stimulating drugs. These obstructions of organ development due to mutation can been experiment on Arabidopsis thaliana and proved to cause the same effect on humans (Stein et al., 2004). This is because human field trials on this has been stated illegal all around the globe. Irregular apoptotic pathways can also be mentioned as some the reasons for the cause of improper organ development. But the root cause of everythig always lies in its beginning that is the primary infection of exposure to hazrdous materials or drugs. This can interfere in the primary pathway, leading inturn to the defective pathway of apoptosis. The defective pathways in apoptosis c an be the major cause of the irregular or improper organ development. May be considered as one of the most important reason for improper organ development. One of the most important reasons for improper organ developent is the cause of genetic mutations. The genetic mutations are caused by the radiotions or hazardous toxins that I have mentioned before. But what leads to improper organ development is genetic modification or mutations in the gene. This can lead to permanent damage of the cell or the gene. This gene damaged, specifies to an organ. Finally the organ is completely damaged due to the mutation of the gene that tends to regulate that specific organ of the organism. Also considering the fact that the cells can also die due to mutations causing permanent damage in the organ development phase of the organism. 4 Applications 4.1 Clinical applications Many diseases like cancer, auto immune diseases, neuro-degenerative diseases do not either inhibit apoptosis or leads to inappropriate activation of apoptosis. They do not completely eliminate harmful cells which lead to loss of all the essential cells that prevent the oncoming of these diseases. Therefore, potential therapeutic strategies must be incorporated by including small molecules that either inhibit or activate certain target proteins that are responsible for apoptosis (Murphy et al., 2003).Generally there occurs a natural delay in the activation of Caspases after any injury and this delay allows enough time for treating the molecules that target Caspases. They are said to show therapeutic applications in preclinical studies (Reed, 2000; Nicholson, 2000). Bcl-2, another inhibitor gene of apoptosis, plays a vital role in the mitochondrial pathway and is regulated in many cancer cells. Introduction of an antisense Bcl-2 oligo molecule has shown promising results in preclinical trials in SCID mice and phase III clinical trials (Reed, 2000; Nicholson, 2000). There is something called, Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAPs) that are of potential therapeutic targets for treatment of diseases. Some cancers over expresses the IAPs that is associated with the genes responsible for the resistance of apoptosis. One such gene is called Survivin (an IAP) which is involved in cancer cells. By eliminating this Survivin, the cancer cells become more sensitive to drugs that initiate apoptosis (Nicholson, 2000). 4.2 Immunoblotting techniques Cytochrome C, an indicator of apoptosis is attached to the apoptotic cells along with the presence of genes responsible for apoptosis and immunoprecipitates were formed. By addition of anti-Cytochrome C or anti-Bc

Nelson Mandela Essay

Nelson Mandela was a man of honor. A man who sacrificed his life for the betterment of others. He was born July 18, 1918 in South Africa. He grew up in a segregated country. He later became an activist against apartheid. He protested and paraded the country. He got arrested and spends the next 27 years in prison. He still did not give up the fight against apartheid. After getting out of prison he became the first democratic elected president of South Africa from 1991 to 1997. After his presidency he created several nonprofit organizations to help and make South Africa better. Nelson Mandela was a man who doesn’t care what people say or think about him. He always does what he thinks is right even when the majority disagrees with him he still goes on doing what he thinks is best. When he started fighting to end apartheid, he knew that he was sacrificing his life. He knew that his life was shortened. That death was near, but he doesn’t care because he knows that his sacrifice will pay off eventually. Nelson Mandela was born in South Africa. All through his childhood, living in South Africa as a black man was brutal because of the apartheid. There was different school for black children. Restaurants were segregated, maids were used as slaves. Growing up, the rule at that time was that at 6 pm, a siren would sound, which meant that no black people were allowed on the streets after that time. If they are caught by the police they had to show prove of identity. If they couldn’t produce this, they were arrested and put in jail. Black South Africans owned noting during that era. No houses, no cars and they weren’t allowed to have accounts of any kind. Even at the mall there were different bathrooms for white people. Park benches were segregated public water fountains were segregated. Almost everything starting from the public transit to owning an apartment was separated between whites and blacks in South Africa. In 1961, Nelson Mandela became leader of the armed wing branch of government. He protested all over the country, sabotaging the apartheid government. Since the non-violent way of trying to end apartheid is not working, he devices a plan which call to destroying several government buildings. Such as, the post office, the police station and other government offices. It worked great until citizens started getting killed in the buildings. The police arrested him on numerous occasions, with no solid evidence they let him go. Finally they arrested him for treason and sabotaging the government. After getting arrested he was sentenced to 27years in prison. In the winter of 1964, Nelson Mandela arrived on Robben Island where he would spend 18 years of his 27 years prison sentence. Put in a small cell, with no bed, just a bucket for a toilet, he was forced to do hard labor in a quarry. He was granted one visitor a year for 30 minutes. He could write and receive one letter every six months. But Robben Island became the place, which transformed him. Through his intelligence, charm and relentless pursuit, Mandela eventually controlled even the most brutal prison officers to his will. He gained leadership over his prison mates and became the head of his own prison.

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Ethics And Research. In 1932 The American Government...

Ethics and Research In 1932 the American Government conducted a study named the Tuskegee Syphilis study, this project was administered by the US Health in Macon County, Alabama. The Government promises 600 plus African American citizens access to free medication and access to proper health care. This study subjects was all tested positive for Syphilis when they enrolled for the study. However, these subjects were denied medicine and were experimented on to help the Government to better understand the Syphilis virus. The men in this study weren’t aware of the research design and possible danger to them and their families. (Carol Heintzelman 2003 p.1) This study went on for the next forty years. Even though the study help create a medicine†¦show more content†¦(Earl Babbie 2008 p 69). These risks include any medical or psychology harm to the subjects. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study didn’t tell their subjects any particulars of the research and withheld information from them. This study also brought up the concerns of ‘the possibility that a person might feel pressured to agree or might not understand what they agreeing to. (Heintzelman 2003 p.1). The subjects agreed to free medication, which proposes the question that they might not of understood what that entails. Another issue with this is that the Government Doctors also failed to obtain informed consent from the subjects; they disregarded the human rights of the subjects and committed medical misconduct. These Doctors failed to provide medication, Penicillin, which was deemed safe by this study, to the subjects. According to Ogungbure, although the black participants in the Tuskegee Study had no formal school education, the medical experts were not morally justified to deprive them of their right to know about the dangerous procedures they would be subjected to, including the painful spinal tap, unimaginable psychological stress, and constant body piercing. (Ogungbure 2011 p 84) Withholding Treatment for research purposes The Second ethical principle ignored by the research was withholding treatment for research purposes. The Medical Doctors withholdShow MoreRelatedBreach Of Ethics And The Tuskegee Study1455 Words   |  6 PagesBreach of Ethics Provisions in the Tuskegee study shown in the movie, Miss Evers’ Boys] The nursing code of Ethics was developed to improve the quality of nursing care and ethical responsibilities of the Registered Nurse. The first formal Nursing Code of Ethics was established in 1950 (American Nurses Association, 2015). In 1926, the American Nurses Association adopted a â€Å"suggested† code that gave an outline of ethical behavior for nurses (American Nurses Association, 2015). By following the NursingRead MoreEthical Principles Of The Tuskegee Study1665 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing unlawfully treated when involved in any type of treatment, research study, or medical decision-making. 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